Grammatical Tense Definition and Examples

In grammar, tense is the time of a verbs action or its state of being, such as present (something happening now),  past (something happened earlier), or future (something going to happen). These are called the verbs time frame. For example, examine I walk (present), I walked (past), and I will walk (future).   Next, a verb can have an aspect, which  gives more formation about the state of the verbs action. They are simple, progressive, perfect, or perfect progressive. Simple is covered by the basic present, past, and future tense verb forms. A verb with a simple aspect doesnt necessarily specify if an action is complete or not. For an action thats  ongoing or unfinished, you use continuous/progressive tenses. If the action was  completed, you use perfect or perfect  progressive tenses:   I walked (simple past)  I am walking (present continuous, action is ongoing)  I was walking (past continuous, action continued in the past)  I will be walking (future continuous, ongoing action will happen later)I have walked (present perfect, action is completed)  I had walked (past perfect, action was completed in the past)I will have walked (future perfect, action will be completed in the future)I have been walking  (present perfect progressive, the current ongoing action is complete)I had been walking (past perfect progressive, the action was ongoing in the past  and completed in the past)I will have been walking (future perfect progressive, ongoing action will be completed in the future) Irregular Verbs Of course, not every verb form in English is as easy as forming regular verbs such as walk into its participles of walking and walked. Take, for example, go, which changes to went and gone  in the past: I went  (simple past)  I am going  (present continuous, action is ongoing)  I was going  (past continuous, action continued in the past)  I will be going  (future continuous, ongoing action will happen later)I have gone  (present perfect, action is completed)  I had gone  (past perfect, action was completed in the past)I will have gone  (future perfect, action will be completed in the future)I have been going  (present perfect progressive, the current ongoing action is complete)I had been going  (past perfect progressive, the action was ongoing in the past  and  completed in the past)I will have been going  (future perfect progressive, ongoing action will be completed in the future) Helpers  and Conditional Mood Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, create continuous and perfect tenses; auxiliaries include forms of to be or has, such as in the examples from above: I am/was walking  (continuous)I have/had walked (perfect)I will walk  (future) English doesnt have a separate verb form for future tense (like adding an -ed to create a past tense word), just shows it through auxiliary words next to the verbs, such as I  will  walk, I  shall  be walking, or I am going to  walk.   If something might happen or it might not (conditional), thats the conditional mood (not a separate verb form either), and it also formed with auxiliary verbs, such as may or can: I may walk (present conditional) or  I  could walk (past conditional). The Debate as to Whether Future Is a Tense Many contemporary  linguists  equate tenses with the  inflectional  categories (or different endings) of a verb, which  means that they dont consider the future to be a tense.  English maintains an inflectional distinction only between the  present  (for example,  laugh  or  leave) and the  past  (laughed,  left). But if you equate tense with a time change, then future is indeed a tense. David CrystalEnglish...has only one inflectional form to express time: the past tense marker (typically -ed), as in walked, jumped, and saw. There is, therefore, a two-way tense contrast in English: I walk vs. I walked—present tense vs past tense. English has no future tense ending but uses a wide range of other techniques to express future time (such as will/shall, be going to, be about to, and future adverbs). The linguistic facts are uncontroversial. However, people find it extremely difficult to drop the notion of future tense (and related notions, such as imperfect, future perfect, and pluperfect tenses) from their mental vocabulary, and to look for other ways of talking about the grammatical realities of the English verb.Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, and Edmund WeinerIn discussing tense, labels such as present tense, past tense, and future tense are misleading, since the relationship between tense and time is often not one-to-one. Present and past tenses can be used in some circumstances to refer to future time (e.g. If he comes tomorrow..., If he came tomorrow...); present tenses can refer to the past (as in newspaper headlines, e.g. Minister resigns..., and in colloquial narrative, e.g. So she comes up to me and says...); and so on.

Analysis Of The Book The Adelphia Debacle - 1418 Words

Aldo Toomepuu 1 November 2015 ACG 6936 The Adelphia Debacle Some have been ensnared in the net of excessive debt. The net of interest holds them fast, requiring them to sell their time and energies to meet the demands of creditors. They surrender their freedom, becoming slaves to their own extravagance. ~Joseph B. Wirthlin Background At first glance this appears to be to another post-Enron big corporation fraud scandal. It was one of the first big cases tried after Enron. However, there are significant differences from Enron and WorldCom scandals Unlike other corporate fraud cases involving executives, John Rigas never sold stock or received stock options (Lowenstein). Where Enron and WorldCom executives appeared to be doing their best to flee their sinking ships, the Rigas family made no such move. John Rigas story starts out as fulfillment of the American dream, a true rags to riches story. Born to Greek immigrants,Rigas worked hard from a young age. During World War II he enlisted in the Army to serve his country. He went to school on GI bill, earned his degree and then returned to his hometown of Wellsville, PA. At the age of 28 he went into business for himself. He borrowed money from family and friends and bought a movie theater. In 1952 he founded Adelphia Communications which he built up over the next 50 years to establish it as one of the oldest and largest cable communications companies in the United States. Fraud scheme and modus operandiShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Balancing The Books 1172 Words   |  5 PagesIn the past, the act of â€Å"balancing the books† involved hammering through countless accounting records and ledgers, anticipating that debit entries will equal to credit entries. In current times â€Å"balancing the books† is much more complex as we have electronic databases that are housing financial data and computer software that is computing the financial data for multi-national companies, worth billions of dollars. The current state of the global economy makes it possible for an investor in GermanyRead MoreEfficient Capital Markets, Corporate Disclosure and Enron12656 Words   |  51 Pagescollapse of Enron dealt a stunning blow, not only to people s wallets and a once-formidable U.S. corporation, but also to a number of conventional theories and core beliefs within the legal academy. The theories and beliefs challenged by the Enron debacle i nclude the t J. DuPratt White Professor of Law and Director, John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Cornell Law School. The author thanks Michael Heiss and the seminar participants in the Cornell Law School Faculty workshop series for helpfulRead MoreCorporate Governance and Auditors14709 Words   |  59 Pagesfor data collection. 1.13 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS Data collected will be analyzed thoroughly so as to check for completeness and accuracy of data responses obtained. An overall response rate for the whole questionnaire and also percentages will be calculated to show the various responses of respondents for each question. Pie charts excel work sheets and any other data presentation and analysis technique that will render data analysis by the researcher meaningful shall be employed toRead MoreAudit Cases14211 Words   |  57 Pagescompany senior executives insisted that the transactions be included, because without those transactions the bank would not resume funding the line of credit. Those executives accused the caller of living in an â€Å"ivory tower† and emphasized that companies book these kinds of transactions all the time. ÂÆ'ÂÆ' The caller stated that there was no underlying customer order related to the sales and no goods had been shipped to the customer as of quarter end. The senior executives believe that the transactions representedRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagesregistered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978-0230-55379-8 ISBN-10: 0-230-55379-6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and mad e from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mergers and acquisitions :

Essay on The Cultural Significance of The Tale of Genji

The Cultural Significance of The Tale of Genji The Tale of Genji is one of the most important stories of ancient Japanese literature. Japanese scholar Sin Ohno said that there is no literature written during the Heian Era which is written in as precise language as The Tale of Genji. The author, Murasaki Shikibu, is a woman. In this tale, we can see the concept towards marriage of women during her period. During the Nara Era, and some time before, the concept of marriage was totally different from the concept we know today. It is called Tsuma Toi Kon. Tsuma means wife; Toi means to visit; Kon means marriage. In order to explain the marriage during this era, I will present an example of the typical interactions between men†¦show more content†¦During this time, daughters inherit the land from their mother. This shows that men and women did not completely rely on each other economically. Men and women generally had their own properties and estates. Sometimes women rejected men coming to visit them at their estates after the relationship began. On the other hand, men sometimes stopped visiting women. During the Heian era, traditional marriage was still strong. Also, in some cases, when a man stopped visiting a woman for a while, another man started visiting the woman. While the new man was still visiting, the old man might come back to visit the woman; two men might even meet ea ch other. Visiting several women at a time was not considered rude during this era. Women were often treated differently according to status. Women of different status often hated each other and became jealous of each other. In The Tale of Genji, women of the court hated Kiritsubo because the emperor loved her the most--even though Kiritsubo was in a lower position than those women. There were many problems concerning marriage during this era. During the Heian era, however, new changes occurred. The growth of a consuming public accelerated with the development of cities like Heian Kyo. People used to work, even wives of nobles, outside on their farm land. Royalty started living on the money collected by the government, and also lived on the properties and estates given by their parents. The populationShow MoreRelatedhope3544 Words   |  15 Pageswork but also to reveal the authors purpose and viewpoint and the cultural and social factors influencing the author. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1 Analyze Literary Elements in Genji Monogatari Genji Monogatari, or The Tale of Genji, is a Japanese novel written in the early eleventh century that tells the story of Genji, the son of a Japanese emperor. Genji is considered to be one of the first psychological novels. Read theRead Moretale of genji Essay example5465 Words   |  22 Pagesand the cultural a nd social factors influencing the author. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: Analyze Literary Elements in Genji Monogatari Genji Monogatari, or The Tale of Genji, is a Japanese novel written in the early eleventh century that tells the story of Genji, the son of a Japanese emperor. Genji is considered to be one of the first psychological novels. Read the first four chapters of part I of Genji MonogatariRead MoreEssay on Buddhism in Japan3757 Words   |  16 PagesRight absorption: This is meditation to try to expeience the world in a different way Theoretically, if you follow these, you will reach Nirvana and ultimately end your suffering. Because of the simplicity of the Buddha’s teachings, its significance on personal action, and his opposition to the caste system, Buddha soon won himself many followers. Like other religious teachers, he usually used stories or parables to explain his beliefs. Around the year 483 BC Buddha passed away at age eighty

Government, Regulation Business Ethics - 2112 Words

Government, Regulation amp; Business Ethics The issue of business relations with government has increasingly become a key issue of business ethics. Some of the many questions raised are * Is it acceptable for corporations to use their considerable power tp shape government policy? * Is the government jeopardizing its role in protecting the public interest when politicians sit on the board of corporations? The government has a crucial role to play in establishing the ‘rules of the game’ by which we judge business ethics. When we talk about the government, we know that the government is involved in issuing laws related to business practices. Business ethics tend to begin where the law ends. This means that the governments†¦show more content†¦The government enjoys considerable authority and power since it can define industry rules and exercise legislative power. 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The Collision of Two Cultures free essay sample

The Collision of Two Cultures Implications of Cultural Values and Beliefs on Caring Concepts Abstract This paper is a personal response to Anne Fadiman’s book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. The paper includes a summary of the book, an overall impression of the reader, a discussion of three major themes evident in the book, and a description of a situation from the book and how the situation could be handled differently using references and material learned in 3020 Transcultural Nursing. Keywords: culture, cultural barriers, values and beliefs, language barrier, assimilation process The Collision of Two Cultures – Implications of Cultural Values and Beliefs on Caring Concepts After I finished my second summer semester this year I had 3 weeks break before starting fall semester, where I enrolled for this class. I had acquired my books already from a fellow student and went home to enjoy my three weeks of not studying; just working. We will write a custom essay sample on The Collision of Two Cultures or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As I was putting the books away at home, I started reading the back of Anne Fadiman’s book â€Å"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down† where a journalist of The Washington Post referred to the book as utterly engaging, readable, and a superb piece of writing. Instead of storing the book I carried it upstairs and put it on my night table. That evening after I snuggled up in my bed I got to know Lia Lee, her parents, her doctors, and I learned about the struggles that were involved in caring for an ill child that sat between two cultures; the Hmong culture and the culture of American health care professionals. Anne Fadiman takes the reader on a cultural journey where she describes the case of Lia Lee, a Hmong infant that suffers from epilepsy. As she tells the story of Lia and her immigrant family that had to flee from their home country and eventually gained entrance into the United States, she reveals the history and cultural traditions of the Hmong people. Moreover, she describes how her parents and the medical community of Merced Medical Center in California strive to help Lia as they try to treat and care for the epileptic child each in their own way. The values and beliefs that both sides hold seem to be irreconcilable at the time because the two sides do not know enough about each other to even try to understand that both sides mean well and try their best to help Lea in her struggles to regain her health or control the condition. Fadiman details the misunderstandings that arise when two cultures come face-to-face but cannot understand each other. Lia arrives in the hospital with epileptic seizures which her parents blamed on a slammed door, a spirit catching Lia, and subsequent soul loss. To the western doctors, who know little about the Hmong people and their culture, Lia’s seizure was caused by dysfunction in her brain which can be treated with medication. The doctors are unaware of the fact that the Lee’s diagnosed Lia with â€Å"qaug dab peg† which is the Hmong word for epilepsy, though considered potentially dangerous in Hmong culture it also distinguishes a person and may be indicative of a possible future as a shaman. The Hmong, like American Indians, are circular thinkers who see universal connections in all things. The Hmong, unlike Americans, don’t split the mind and the body. To the Cartesian, linear thinking doctors, medical health cannot be restored by bargaining with spiritual powers and offering animal sacrifices. The book also touches on historical and political events which have shaped the character traits of Hmong and Americans. For centuries the Hmong have resisted persecution, manipulation, and domination by other Asian groups. They are a proud people and cherish their independence. The Hmong’s challenge of authority frustrated the American doctors who aren’t used to having their authority questioned. The Lees non compliance with the western medical treatment was rooted in their belief that the family makes the decisions for their children which in their culture is in the best interest of the child. The Lees were convinced that the medication regimen only made Lia more ill and refused or altered the medication regiment. The doctors retaliated and showed their power by removing Lia from her parent’s home to foster care where they hoped Lia’s condition would stabilize. However, there was that fear that lingered over the medical community in the Merced hospital that Lia would one day come in â€Å"with the big one†, the doctors called a grand mal seizure that would deprive the child of vital oxygen to her brain and either take her life or leave her in a vegetative state. Inevitably the day came that Lia suffered a grand mal seizure. Since, her higher brain function has ceased and she was left in a state that the western doctors described as dead, however, for the Lees it was the soul that had now left her body with no return. Lia was taken home from the hospital where the medical team thought she would die soon after. However, the Lees loving competent care kept her alive, a life that in western value and belief system is not worth living, whereas the Hmong see it as a variation of nature and care for Lia even more, still hoping that her soul may return to her body one day. After finishing the book, I caught myself thinking that maybe Lia’s soul would one day return to her body. I truly enjoyed reading this cross-cultural account that is full of knowledge and derives wisdom from people of different life-ways. Somehow, the book allows the reader to step out of one’s own culture and look at the world like a Hmong. Recognition of cultural differences is important in a country that consists of mostly immigrants. As people of one country we want to take care of each other, understand each other, and live with each other. Therefore, people need to get to know each other and understand the cultural backgrounds, value and belief systems. That is my opinion as a person. Looking at the book from the perspective of a nurse makes it even more valuable. I have always liked the idea of culturally congruent care and have tried to incorporate it in my daily practice as a nurse. After reading this book, however, my perception of cultural care has changed. Anne Fadiman has spent years on her research on Hmong culture and her goal to make people understand the vast differences in values and beliefs of people from cultures that are different than main stream culture here in America. Her efforts make it possible for other people to embrace the knowledge she has collected and hopefully people are able to use the knowledge to make a difference in somebody else’s life; somebody else, like Lia. Fadimans book illustrates how much time, commitment, and energy is necessary to understand another cultures perspective on health and wellness and to translate that understanding into the day-to-day practice of medicine and caring. Incorporating cultural beliefs into medical care can go a long way to help people cope with illnesses. â€Å"A little medicine and a little neeb†, is what Nao Kao, Lia’s Dad said. In these simple words is hidden much of the truth that would have helped the Lees to cope better and comply more with Lia’s medication regimen. If the outcome would have been different is questionable, however, the cultural aspect of Lia’s care was disregarded by the medical staff, both nurses and doctors and led to more complication than necessary. The involvement of a twix neeb would not have harmed Lia’s medical treatment; it would have enhanced it. The twix neeb, a shaman conducts his work on a metaphysical plane. He usually mediates between the earthly and the spiritual world, however, there is no evidence that this treatment hurts anybody (Fadiman, 1997, p. 267). According to Dwight Conquergood, who has seen medication bottles on the altars of neebs, they do not resist medications, rather they incorporate it in the heeling process (Fadiman, 1991, p. 268). The book delivers much food for thought for whom ever is hungry for it, but it is especially useful for medical staff and doctors who dedicate their work to helping others. Anne Fadiman makes clear that we treat people and not diseases or body parts. On that note, she quotes William Osler who said â€Å"Ask not what disease the person has, but rather what person has the disease† (Fadiman, 1997, p. 75). The major theme in Fadiman’s book is cultural barriers. Language, cultural values and beliefs, and immigration status play an extensive role in assimilation and acculturation to a new society. The language barrier that the Lee’s experienced along with their different values and beliefs made it difficult for the Lees and the Merced medical staff to communicate with each oth er to navigate the treatment for Lia. Through Fadiman’s book, it becomes clear that language is an expression of cultural beliefs. In Hmong language epilepsy is explained in spiritual terms and is, therefore, an expression of their culture that is rooted in the natural and spiritual world. In English epilepsy is explained as a disturbance of brain function, which expresses western values and beliefs that are based on knowledge derived from science. The use of translators only added to the miscommunication of the two sides, especially the use of unskilled people like a janitor or an aid which they used in this case. Fadiman states that cultural brokers are needed to help a situation where the divide between cultures is extensive. In one of his interviews with Fadiman, Neil Ernst, the pediatrician involved in Lia’s care describes the cultural barrier as being a layer of saran wrap between the Lee’s and the medical staff of Merced Medical Center. He states that, you could get somehow into the area where you thought you reached them but you could never be sure that they understood. In 1980 when the Lee’s came to America cross-cultural medicine and care concepts were perceived by the medical community as form of political bamboozlement. Physicians felt that these ideas were an assault on their rationality rather than a potentially lifesaving therapy (Fadiman, 1997, p. 273). Fadiman’s book was a necessity to open the road for cultural congruent care concepts. It serves as a testimony that ethnocentrism on behalf of a majority culture could prohibit people from seeking care or negatively influence the outcome. The description of birth practices and beliefs in Hmong culture is a good example for inhibiting people to seek care. Prenatal care is highly valued in western culture, however, in Hmong culture where our understanding of medical care is nonexistent women take care of their needs. Even in the process of giving birth, as Fadiman describes in the first chapter they deliver their babies by themselves. If help is needed, the husband is utilized to aid in the birth of a Hmong baby. The Hmong women came to the hospital to give birth only because they had heard that if they do not deliver the baby in the hospital it will not be accepted as American citizen and they could not collect money from the government. If it wasn’t for this misconception, the women would have avoided the hospitalization. The Hmong people were political refugees. Fadiman pictures the Hmong as extremely different from typical immigrants who are grateful and happy to have landed in America, the land of opportunity and freedom. As a group, the Hmong have a history of vehemently resisting assimilation. The Hmong refugees were not here because they wanted to be; they were here because they had no other choice. The CIA-led â€Å"quiet war† in Laos had destroyed their homeland villages and made life as they knew it impossible. The life that the refugees found in the United States was strikingly different from their life in the mountains or in the refugee camp in Thailand. The culture shock caused many to cling more zealously to the old ways and to one another. This explains, at least in part, why after being in the United States for a number of years, the Lees appeared to speak virtually no English. Fadiman claims that Lia’s mother, even after being in the U. S. for several years, had no idea how to operate the family telephone. In Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care, Andrews and Boyle list many factors that affect the process of assimilation and acculturation to a new culture. As first generation immigrants, the Lees came to this country as a middle aged couple with their children. Whereas, Foua, Nao Kao and their peers had many difficulties getting used to the new life the book reveals that their children embraced the new experience and grew up to be bicultural. As involuntary immigrants the first wave of Hmong people clung more to their cultural traditions as voluntary immigrants would do. Fadiman chronicles migration patterns of Hmong people inside the United States. After landing here the Hmong were dispersed across many states to divide the financial burden among the communities. However, the Hmong did not want to live apart from each other in this strange new environment. So against governmental plans they settled in large groups to practice their traditions and help each other. Therefore, the assimilation to the new culture was slowed and delayed. Educational status is another factor that slows assimilation. The Hmong’s educational level was not comparable to western standards. As an indigenous mountain tribe who lived off their land knowledge was limited to what was necessary to survive in that environment. However, when the Hmong came to the United States the pattern of knowledge that was needed to survive changed drastically. To gain entrance into a society different than your own a new set of knowledge needs to be acquired to compete for resources. Caring for people from a culture that has a different set of values and beliefs takes understanding and knowledge on the behalf of the professional that delivers the care. In nursing delivering cultural congruent care is a concept that was established by Madeleine Leininger who developed the theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality (George, 2010, p. 404). In their care practice nurses need to consider the interrelationship of cultural care, well-being, health, illness, and death as it is viewed by people from different cultures (George, 2010, p. 11). The approach should be holistic and explore multidimensional ways of caring. The nurse should seek to discover cultural care universalities and diversities and be able to apply it. Cultural care preservation, accommodation, and restructuring are key concepts of cultural congruent care delivery. Applying my knowledge from this class to the care of Lia I would have tried to establish a working relationship with the family and the ir twix neeb to preserve and maintain their values and beliefs. The involvement of the neeb would have shown Lia’s family that their values and beliefs were acknowledged and not disregarded. Moreover, the twix neeb could have acted as negotiator to ensure that the Lee’s adhered to the medication regiment. Fadiman describes situations in the hospital where Lia was put in restraints to not interrupt her medical treatment by pulling on tubes and IV lines. The Lees were enraged about the restraints and tried to free her from the coercion of force that was administered by the medical professional at Merced Medical Center. Involving a cultural broker like Fadiman terms it would have helped to concert the different views of treatment. The Lees wanted to care for her daughter by holding her and having her close, however, the medical staff wanted to maintain their treatment modalities to get Lia the medical treatment that she needed. A holistic approach is of utmost importance and maybe some agreement could be made to how the parents could have held and be close to Lia without interfering with the treatment modalities. Restructuring Lia’s environment and treatment would have been a matter of more sensitivity on behalf of the medical professionals involved. Foster care did not improve Lia’s condition and the coercion of power on the Lee’s did not improve their compliance or strengthen their beliefs in western medicine and treatments. A more sensitive approach through home care services might have been more effective in the treatment of Lia’s epilepsy. Teaching the Lees how to read a clock, how to use the Gregorian calendar, would have been a useful approach to improve Lia’s condition. Community classes on western values and beliefs would also be of interest to help people from different cultures to assimilate to main stream culture. The tragedy is that both the doctors and the family genuinely wanted to help Lia, but their lack of communication and inability to understand each other, culturally, and linguistically, made mutual efforts impossible. Anne Fadiman’s research effort created a valuable resource for people in curing and caring professions. Understanding the importance of incorporating cultural values and beliefs in the deliverance of care can make a difference in somebody else’s life.

The effects of caring older peopleManagement

Question: Provide a rationale for the chosen focus of the review highlighting the professional, clinical and conceptual relevance of your review question. This section should clearly articulate the aspect of practice that will be at the centre of the project and how the literature review will contribute to its evaluation. Your rationale should make reference to current policies ( NICE and WHO) and/or research related to evidence based practice and the role of extended literature reviews in that process? Answer: The effects of caring older people with dementia on informal carers. Following themes have been identified; To review challenges faced by informal carers (unpaid carers such as family) and the effects of caring. On one hand if the caregiving can be beneficial for the carers, it can also be stressful for the working age carers, who work in their paid jobs and also devote time to informal caring. This not only compromises their future but also forces them to reduce the working hours. Caring can also lead to burnout and stress, thereby leading to deterioration of the mental and physical health (OECD 2011). Informal carers like the family members face many challenges with respect to caring for the elders. There is rise in the level of expectations of the elders. Moreover, since the employment rate of the family members, specifically women, has risen over the past few decades, the reluctance of giving up the employment because of unpaid caring, has increased. Therefore, it is important to identify the challenges faced by the informal carers in order to adjust the caring schedule or working hours such that they are also at no loss (Hoffmann, F and Rodrigues, R. 2010). To determine the level of knowledge concerning informal caring and the effectiveness of educating informal carers and frontline health professionals. It is important to determine the level of knowledge possessed by the informal carers and the effectiveness of their caring in order to reduce risk and minimize damage or errors. This also includes the hygiene related guidelines that should be followed in order to ensure that the patient being cared for, is provided the right and health environment. Along with the informal carers , the frontline professionals are also trained in order to show efficacy n nursing and caring procedure, at the time of emergency. Not only are the informal carers concerned with the delivery of good and correct form of care but with the psychological aspects of caring as well (Triantafillou et al. 2010). The nurses role in identifying the carers and how they can support them in order to provide positive support. The nurse plays an important role in identifying and selecting the carers fro specific patients because they are trained professionals who are able to identify the right people as carers, who are able to work with diverse communities. Even when the hospital has best intentions, the health professionals are unable to correctly identify and provide support to the carers, if they are not provided adequate time, support and the resources to do so. It is therefore, important that every hospital has carers, who are appointed by the nurses or any other trained health professional, who is able to facilitate the process of identification and support of the carers. Identification doesnt merely means that tagging someone as a carer. Instead, it means to make the carers understand their roles and responsibilities and let them know that support is available whenever they need it. The role of nurses is to provide positive support to the carers by overcoming the barriers like lack of time for open discussion about the fears and challenges experienced by the carers and the lack of privacy, because of which the carers are not able to open up about the problems they face in the process of coping with the new environment. The nurses are trained for selecting and assigning the people, role of carers such that they are accountable for them (Department of Health 2014). References OECD, 2011, Chapter 3: The impact of caring on family carers, Help Wanted? Providing and paying for long term care. Hoffmann, F and Rodrigues, R., 2010, Informal carers: Who takes care of them? European centre: Policy brief. Triantafillou et al., 2010, Informal care in the long term care system, European overview paper, European Centre for social welfare policy and research (AT). Department of health, 2014, Supporting the health and wellbeing of young carers, viewed on 15th April 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/299270/Young_Carers_pathway_Interactive_FINAL.pdf.